Oracle 提供了一组 MySQL 的二进制发行版。其中包括适用于多种平台的压缩 tar 文件（带有 .tar.xz 扩展名的文件）形式的通用二进制发行版，以及适用于选定平台的平台特定软件包格式的二进制文件。Oracle provides a set of binary distributions of MySQL. These include generic binary distributions in the form of compressed tar files (files with a .tar.xz extension) for a number of platforms, and binaries in platform-specific package formats for selected platforms.

本节介绍如何在 Unix/Linux 上通过压缩 tar 文件二进制发行版安装 MySQL 平台。有关重点关注 MySQL 安全功能的 Linux 通用二进制发行版安装说明，请参阅安全部署指南。对于其他特定于平台的二进制包格式，请参阅本手册中其他特定于平台的部分。例如，对于 Windows 发行版，请参阅第 2.3 节“在 Microsoft Windows 上安装 MySQL”。请参阅第 2.1.3 节“如何获取 MySQL”，了解如何以不同的发行版格式获取 MySQL。This section covers the installation of MySQL from a compressed tar file binary distribution on Unix/Linux platforms. For Linux-generic binary distribution installation instructions with a focus on MySQL security features, refer to the Secure Deployment Guide. For other platform-specific binary package formats, see the other platform-specific sections in this manual. For example, for Windows distributions, see Section 2.3, “Installing MySQL on Microsoft Windows”. See Section 2.1.3, “How to Get MySQL” on how to obtain MySQL in different distribution formats.

MySQL 压缩 tar 文件二进制发行版的名称格式为 mysql-VERSION-OS.tar.xz，其中 VERSION 是一个数字（例如，8.4.9），OS 表示要分发的操作系统类型（例如，pc-linux-i686 或 winx64）。MySQL compressed tar file binary distributions have names of the form mysql-VERSION-OS.tar.xz, where VERSION is a number (for example, 8.4.9), and OS indicates the type of operating system for which the distribution is intended (for example, pc-linux-i686 or winx64).

还有 MySQL 压缩的“最小安装”版本 Linux 通用二进制发行版的 class="command">tar 文件，其名称格式为 mysql-VERSION-OS-GLIBCVER-ARCH-minimal.tar.xz。最小安装发行版不包括调试二进制文件，并删除了调试符号，使其比常规二进制发行版小得多。如果您选择安装最小安装发行版，请记住根据后面的说明调整文件名格式的差异。There is also a “minimal install” version of the MySQL compressed tar file for the Linux generic binary distribution, which has a name of the form mysql-VERSION-OS-GLIBCVER-ARCH-minimal.tar.xz. The minimal install distribution excludes debug binaries and is stripped of debug symbols, making it significantly smaller than the regular binary distribution. If you choose to install the minimal install distribution, remember to adjust for the difference in file name format in the instructions that follow.

要安装压缩的 tar 文件二进制分发版，请将其解压到您选择的安装位置（通常为 /usr/local/mysql）。这将创建下表所示的目录。To install a compressed tar file binary distribution, unpack it at the installation location you choose (typically /usr/local/mysql). This creates the directories shown in the following table.

mysqld 二进制文件可作为mysqld-debug 获得。要从源代码发行版编译您自己的 MySQL 调试版本，请使用适当的配置选项来启用调试支持。请参阅第 2.8 节“从源代码安装 MySQL”。Debug versions of the mysqld binary are available as mysqld-debug. To compile your own debug version of MySQL from a source distribution, use the appropriate configuration options to enable debugging support. See Section 2.8, “Installing MySQL from Source”.

要安装和使用 MySQL 二进制发行版，命令序列如下所示：To install and use a MySQL binary distribution, the command sequence looks like this:

$> groupadd mysql
$> useradd -r -g mysql -s /bin/false mysql
$> cd /usr/local
$> tar xvf /path/to/mysql-VERSION-OS.tar.xz
$> ln -s full-path-to-mysql-VERSION-OS mysql
$> cd mysql
$> mkdir mysql-files
$> chown mysql:mysql mysql-files
$> chmod 750 mysql-files
$> bin/mysqld --initialize --user=mysql
$> bin/mysqld_safe --user=mysql &
# Next command is optional
$> cp support-files/mysql.server /etc/init.d/mysql.server

mysql-files 目录提供了一个方便的位置，可用作 secure_file_priv 系统变量的值，该变量限制导入和导出对特定目录的操作。请参阅第 7.1.8 节“服务器系统变量”。The mysql-files directory provides a convenient location to use as the value for the secure_file_priv system variable, which limits import and export operations to a specific directory. See Section 7.1.8, “Server System Variables”.

下面是上述安装二进制发行版说明的更详细版本。A more detailed version of the preceding description for installing a binary distribution follows.

创建 mysql 用户和组Create a mysql User and Group

如果您的系统还没有用于运行 mysqld 的用户和组，您可能需要创建它们。以下命令添加 mysql 组和 mysql 用户。您可能想将用户和组称为其他名称，而不是 mysql。如果是这样，请在以下说明中替换为适当的名称。 useradd 和 groupadd 的语法在不同版本的 Unix/Linux 上可能略有不同，或者它们可能具有不同的名称，例如 adduser 和 addgroup。If your system does not already have a user and group to use for running mysqld, you may need to create them. The following commands add the mysql group and the mysql user. You might want to call the user and group something else instead of mysql. If so, substitute the appropriate name in the following instructions. The syntax for useradd and groupadd may differ slightly on different versions of Unix/Linux, or they may have different names such as adduser and addgroup.

$> groupadd mysql
$> useradd -r -g mysql -s /bin/false mysql

获取并解压发行版Obtain and Unpack the Distribution

选择要解压发行版的目录并将位置更改到其中。此处的示例将发行版解压到 /usr/local 下。因此，这些说明假定您有权在 /usr/local 中创建文件和目录。如果该目录受保护，则必须以 root 身份执行安装。Pick the directory under which you want to unpack the distribution and change location into it. The example here unpacks the distribution under /usr/local. The instructions, therefore, assume that you have permission to create files and directories in /usr/local. If that directory is protected, you must perform the installation as root.

$> cd /usr/local

按照第 2.1.3 节“如何获取 MySQL” 中的说明获取分发文件。对于给定版本，所有平台的二进制发行版都是从相同的 MySQL 源发行版构建的。Obtain a distribution file using the instructions in Section 2.1.3, “How to Get MySQL”. For a given release, binary distributions for all platforms are built from the same MySQL source distribution.

解压发行版，这会创建安装目录。 tar 如果支持 z 选项，则可以解压缩发行版：Unpack the distribution, which creates the installation directory. tar can uncompress and unpack the distribution if it has z option support:

$> tar xvf /path/to/mysql-VERSION-OS.tar.xz

tar 命令创建一个名为 mysql-VERSION-OS。The tar command creates a directory named mysql-VERSION-OS.

要从压缩的 tar 文件二进制分发版安装 MySQL，您的系统必须有 GNU XZ Utils 来解压缩该分发版，并具有合理的 tar 来解压它。To install MySQL from a compressed tar file binary distribution, your system must have GNU XZ Utils to uncompress the distribution and a reasonable tar to unpack it.

GNU tar is known to work. The standard tar provided with some operating systems is not able to unpack the long file names in the MySQL distribution. You should download and install GNU tar, or if available, use a preinstalled version of GNU tar. Usually this is available as gnutar, gtar, or as tar within a GNU or Free Software directory, such as /usr/sfw/bin或者/usr/local/bin. GNU tar is available from http://www.gnu.org/software/tar/.GNU tar is known to work. The standard tar provided with some operating systems is not able to unpack the long file names in the MySQL distribution. You should download and install GNU tar, or if available, use a preinstalled version of GNU tar. Usually this is available as gnutar, gtar, or as tar within a GNU or Free Software directory, such as /usr/sfw/bin or /usr/local/bin. GNU tar is available from http://www.gnu.org/software/tar/.

如果您的 tar 不支持 xz 格式然后使用 xz 命令解压发行版并使用 tar 解压它。将前面的 tar 命令替换为以下替代命令，以解压缩并提取分发版：If your tar does not support the xz format then use the xz command to unpack the distribution and tar to unpack it. Replace the preceding tar command with the following alternative command to uncompress and extract the distribution:

$> xz -dc /path/to/mysql-VERSION-OS.tar.xz | tar x

接下来，创建一个指向由 tar 创建的安装目录的符号链接：Next, create a symbolic link to the installation directory created by tar:

$> ln -s full-path-to-mysql-VERSION-OS mysql

ln 命令创建指向安装目录的符号链接。这使您可以更轻松地将其引用为 /usr/local/mysql。为了避免在使用 MySQL 时必须始终键入客户端程序的路径名，您可以将 /usr/local/mysql/bin 目录添加到 PATH 变量中：The ln command makes a symbolic link to the installation directory. This enables you to refer more easily to it as /usr/local/mysql. To avoid having to type the path name of client programs always when you are working with MySQL, you can add the /usr/local/mysql/bin directory to your PATH variable:

$> export PATH=$PATH:/usr/local/mysql/bin

执行安装后设置Perform Postinstallation Setup

安装过程的其余部分包括设置分发所有权和访问权限、初始化数据目录、启动 MySQL 服务器以及设置配置文件。有关说明，请参阅第 2.9 节“安装后设置和测试”。The remainder of the installation process involves setting distribution ownership and access permissions, initializing the data directory, starting the MySQL server, and setting up the configuration file. For instructions, see Section 2.9, “Postinstallation Setup and Testing”.