在 Linux 上安装 MySQL 的推荐方法基于 RPM 的 Linux 发行版是使用 Oracle 提供的 RPM 包。对于 MySQL 社区版，有两个来源可以获取它们：The recommended way to install MySQL on RPM-based Linux distributions is by using the RPM packages provided by Oracle. There are two sources for obtaining them, for the Community Edition of MySQL:

MySQL RPM 软件包MySQL RPM Packages

RPM 的全名具有以下语法：The full names for the RPMs have the following syntax:

packagename-version-distribution-arch.rpm

distribution 和 arch 值指示 Linux 发行版及其处理器类型包已构建。请参阅下表，了解分发标识符列表：The distribution and arch values indicate the Linux distribution and the processor type for which the package was built. See the table below for lists of the distribution identifiers:

要查看 RPM 包中的所有文件（例如 mysql-community-server），请使用以下命令命令：To see all files in an RPM package (for example, mysql-community-server), use the following command:

$> rpm -qpl mysql-community-server-version-distribution-arch.rpm

本节其余部分的讨论仅适用于使用直接从 Oracle 下载的 RPM 包的安装过程，而不是通过 MySQL 存储库。The discussion in the rest of this section applies only to an installation process using the RPM packages directly downloaded from Oracle, instead of through a MySQL repository.

某些包之间存在依赖关系。如果您计划安装许多软件包，您可能希望下载 RPM 捆绑包 tar 文件，其中包含上面列出的所有 RPM 软件包，这样您就无需单独下载它们。Dependency relationships exist among some of the packages. If you plan to install many of the packages, you may wish to download the RPM bundle tar file instead, which contains all the RPM packages listed above, so that you need not download them separately.

在大多数情况下，您需要安装 mysql-community-server、mysql-community-client、mysql-community-client-plugins、mysql-community-libs、mysql-community-icu-data-files、mysql-community-common 和 mysql-community-libs-compat 软件包以获得功能性的标准 MySQL 安装。要执行此类标准的基本安装，请转至包含所有这些软件包的文件夹（最好不要有类似名称的其他 RPM 软件包），然后发出以下命令：In most cases, you need to install the mysql-community-server, mysql-community-client, mysql-community-client-plugins, mysql-community-libs, mysql-community-icu-data-files, mysql-community-common, and mysql-community-libs-compat packages to get a functional, standard MySQL installation. To perform such a standard, basic installation, go to the folder that contains all those packages (and, preferably, no other RPM packages with similar names), and issue the following command:

$> sudo yum install mysql-community-{server,client,client-plugins,icu-data-files,common,libs}-*

将 yum 替换为 zypper（对于 SLES），以及 dnf（适用于 Fedora）。Replace yum with zypper for SLES, and with dnf for Fedora.

虽然最好使用 yum 等高级软件包管理工具来安装软件包，但喜欢直接 rpm 命令的用户可以替换 yum 使用rpm -Uvh命令安装命令；但是，使用 rpm -Uvh 会使安装过程更容易失败，因为安装过程可能会遇到潜在的依赖性问题。While it is much preferable to use a high-level package management tool like yum to install the packages, users who prefer direct rpm commands can replace the yum install command with the rpm -Uvh command; however, using rpm -Uvh instead makes the installation process more prone to failure, due to potential dependency issues the installation process might run into.

要仅安装客户端程序，您可以在要安装的软件包列表中跳过 mysql-community-server；发出以下命令：To install only the client programs, you can skip mysql-community-server in your list of packages to install; issue the following command:

$> sudo yum install mysql-community-{client,client-plugins,common,libs}-* 

将 yum 替换为 zypper（对于 SLES），以及 dnf（适用于 Fedora）。Replace yum with zypper for SLES, and with dnf for Fedora.

使用 RPM 软件包进行 MySQL 的标准安装会在系统目录下创建文件和资源，如下表所示。A standard installation of MySQL using the RPM packages result in files and resources created under the system directories, shown in the following table.

安装还会在系统上创建一个名为 mysql 的用户和一个名为 mysql 的组。The installation also creates a user named mysql and a group named mysql on the system.

MySQL 在安装过程结束时不会自动启动。对于 Red Hat Enterprise Linux、Oracle Linux、CentOS 和 Fedora 系统，使用以下命令启动 MySQL：MySQL is NOT automatically started at the end of the installation process. For Red Hat Enterprise Linux, Oracle Linux, CentOS, and Fedora systems, use the following command to start MySQL:

$> systemctl start mysqld

对于 SLES 系统，命令相同，但服务名称不同：For SLES systems, the command is the same, but the service name is different:

$> systemctl start mysql

如果操作系统启用了 systemd，则使用标准 systemctl（或者使用参数 service）反转）命令，例如 stop、start、status 和 restart 应该用于管理 MySQL 服务器服务。 mysqld 服务默认启用，并在系统重新启动时启动。请注意，某些事情在 systemd 平台上可能会有所不同：例如，更改数据目录的位置可能会导致问题。有关详细信息，请参阅第 2.5.9 节“使用 systemd 管理 MySQL 服务器”。If the operating system is systemd enabled, standard systemctl (or alternatively, service with the arguments reversed) commands such as stop, start, status, and restart should be used to manage the MySQL server service. The mysqld service is enabled by default, and it starts at system reboot. Notice that certain things might work differently on systemd platforms: for example, changing the location of the data directory might cause issues. See Section 2.5.9, “Managing MySQL Server with systemd” for additional information.

在使用 RPM 和 DEB 软件包进行升级安装期间，如果升级时 MySQL 服务器正在运行，则 MySQL 服务器将停止，升级将发生，然后重新启动 MySQL 服务器。一个例外：如果升级过程中版本也发生变化（例如从社区到商业，反之亦然），则 MySQL 服务器不会重新启动。During an upgrade installation using RPM and DEB packages, if the MySQL server is running when the upgrade occurs then the MySQL server is stopped, the upgrade occurs, and the MySQL server is restarted. One exception: if the edition also changes during an upgrade (such as community to commercial, or vice-versa), then MySQL server is not restarted.

在服务器初始启动时，假设服务器的数据目录为空，会发生以下情况：At the initial start up of the server, the following happens, given that the data directory of the server is empty:

$> mysql -uroot -p 

mysql> ALTER USER 'root'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'MyNewPass4!';

如果安装过程中出现问题，您可能会在错误日志文件中找到调试信息 /var/log/mysqld.log。If something goes wrong during installation, you might find debug information in the error log file /var/log/mysqld.log.

对于某些 Linux 发行版，可能需要增加 mysqld 可用的文件描述符数量限制。请参阅第 B.3.2.16 节“文件未找到和类似错误”For some Linux distributions, it might be necessary to increase the limit on number of file descriptors available to mysqld. See Section B.3.2.16, “File Not Found and Similar Errors”

从多个 MySQL 版本安装客户端库。 可以安装多个客户端库版本，例如您希望保持与链接到先前库的旧应用程序的兼容性的情况。要安装较旧的客户端库，请使用 --oldpackage 选项和 rpm。例如，要在具有 MySQL 8.0 的 libmysqlclient.21 的 EL6 系统上安装 mysql-community-libs-5.5，请使用如下命令：Installing Client Libraries from Multiple MySQL Versions.  It is possible to install multiple client library versions, such as for the case that you want to maintain compatibility with older applications linked against previous libraries. To install an older client library, use the --oldpackage option with rpm. For example, to install mysql-community-libs-5.5 on an EL6 system that has libmysqlclient.21 from MySQL 8.0, use a command like this:

$> rpm --oldpackage -ivh mysql-community-libs-5.5.50-2.el6.x86_64.rpm

调试包。 使用调试包编译的 MySQL Server 的特殊变体已包含在服务器 RPM 包中。它执行调试和内存分配检查，并在服务器运行时生成跟踪文件。要使用该调试版本，请使用 /usr/sbin/mysqld-debug 启动 MySQL，而不是将其作为服务启动或使用 /usr/sbin/mysqld 启动。有关可以使用的调试选项，请参阅第 7.9.4 节“DBUG 包”。Debug Package.  A special variant of MySQL Server compiled with the debug package has been included in the server RPM packages. It performs debugging and memory allocation checks and produces a trace file when the server is running. To use that debug version, start MySQL with /usr/sbin/mysqld-debug, instead of starting it as a service or with /usr/sbin/mysqld. See Section 7.9.4, “The DBUG Package” for the debug options you can use.

从源 SRPM 重建 RPM。 MySQL 的源代码 SRPM 包可供下载。它们可以按原样使用标准 rpmbuild 工具链重建 MySQL RPM。Rebuilding RPMs from source SRPMs.  Source code SRPM packages for MySQL are available for download. They can be used as-is to rebuild the MySQL RPMs with the standard rpmbuild tool chain.